Zero-Shot Learning -- A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Good, the Bad and the Ugly

Due to the importance of zero-shot learning, i.e. classifying images where there is a lack of labeled training data, the number of proposed approaches has recently increased steadily. We argue that it is time to take a step back and to analyze the status quo of the area. The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, given the fact that there is no agreed upon zero-shot learning benchmark, we first define a new benchmark by unifying both the evaluation protocols and data splits of publicly available datasets used for this task. This is an important contribution as published results are often not comparable and sometimes even flawed due to, e.g. pre-training on zero-shot test classes. Moreover, we propose a new zero-shot learning dataset, the Animals with Attributes 2 (AWA2) dataset which we make publicly available both in terms of image features and the images themselves. Second, we compare and analyze a significant number of the state-of-the-art methods in depth, both in the classic zero-shot setting but also in the more realistic generalized zero-shot setting. Finally, we discuss in detail the limitations of the current status of the area which can be taken as a basis for advancing it.Comment: Accepted by TPAMI in July, 2018. We introduce Proposed Split Version 2.0 (Please download it from our project webpage). arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1703.0439

E. Franklin Frazier and the Interfacing of Black Sociology and Black Social Work

E. Franklin Frazier is known almost exclusively for his scholarly contributions after the publication of his seminal book, The Negro Family in the United States. Less is known about Frazier\u27s professional life and scholarly contributions during the period when he was Director of the Atlanta School of Social Work between 1922 and 1927. Frazier was part of that generation of black scholars who benefited from the fluid interfacing of sociology and social work characteristic of the early part of the 20th century. While director of the Atlanta School, Frazier made significant contributions to the knowledge base of social work and was one of the first to provide a black perspective to social work\u27s knowledge base. To unearth and illuminate the early scholarly legacy of Frazier, this paper identifies and discusses some major themes of Frazier\u27s writings while director of the Atlanta School of Social Work and examines their implications for contemporary social work issues. An underlying assumption of this paper is that Frazier\u27s scholarly contributions during his tenure as director of the Atlanta School should be conceived as a reflection of the intimate nexus between black sociology and black social work that existed during the 1920s

An Afrocentric Perspective on Social Welfare Philosophy and Policy

Although much of the literature on American social welfare philosophy and policy is progressive and sincere in its objectives to dismantle poverty and economic oppression, the literature is limited in two important areas: 1) identifying American social welfare philosophy and policy as primarily Eurocentric in its worldview, and 2) applying the cultural values of people of color as a conceptual base to advance and diversify views on social welfare philosophy and policy. To address this gap, this paper draws on the viewpoints of a cadre of social scientists called Afrocentrists and applies the Afrocentric worldview to deseribe how it conceives social welfare philosophy and what social welfare policies it would support. It is suggested that the Afrocentric perspective on social welfare philosophy is predicated on a collective, spiritual, and morally affirming idea of societal relations and government and individual responsibility that advocates enhanced educational opportunities, guaranteed minimum income, universal health care coverage, and workplace friendly and cooperative atmospheres

Using Local Context To Improve Face Detection

Most face detection algorithms locate faces by classifying the content of a detection window iterating over all positions and scales of the input image. Recent developments have accelerated this process up to real-time performance at high levels of accuracy. However, even the best of today's computational systems are far from being able to compete with the detection capabilities of the human visual system. Psychophysical experiments have shown the importance of local context in the face detection process. In this paper we investigate the role of local context for face detection algorithms. In experiments on two large data sets we find that using local context can significantly increase the number of correct detections, particularly in low resolution cases, uncommon poses or individual appearances as well as occlusions

Customer attractiveness, supplier satisfaction and preferred customer status: a review and a cycle model

In this paper, we introduce the concept of preferred customer status, i.e. a buyer is awarded preferential treatment of its important suppliers compared to their other customers. As there is a lack of knowledge of what motivates suppliers to serve selected buyers better than others, our research focuses on the suppliers’ evaluation of customers and how it can be influenced by buyers. Based on social exchange theory, we provide a conceptual model which proposes customer attractiveness, supplier satisfaction and knowledge of alternative customers as factors influencing suppliers to award preferred customer status. Subsequently, a literature review is provided to give an overview of the drivers of customer attractiveness, supplier satisfaction and preferred customer status already analysed in current literature. We conclude by providing a preliminary conceptual framework and suggesting future research directions in this field. This article proposes new insights into supplier relationship management and offers a state-of-the-art analysis as well as a theoretical base to this new research field

Megatrends 2022: Implikationen für den Einkauf

Welchen Einflussfaktoren sieht sich der Einkauf die nächsten Jahre ausgesetzt und was sind die zentralen Herausforderungen, denen er sich bis zum Jahr 2022 stellen muss?\ud Da der Einkauf die zentrale Schnittstelle zwischen Unternehmen und der Angebotsseite des Marktes darstellt, ist die Identifikation von langfristigen externen Veränderungen, sogenannten Megatrends, hilfreich. Aufgrund ihres lang andauernden und globalen Einflusses wird angenommen, dass die Auswirkungen von Megatrends das Handeln von Gesellschaften, Unternehmen und Regierungen für lange Zeit beeinflussen werden.\ud In der vorliegenden Studie werden fünf Megatrends vorgestellt sowie Maßnahmen, mittels derer sich Unternehmen auf dieseMegatrendsvorbereiten. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass sich führende Unternehmen oftmals besser auf die Auswirkungen von Megatrends einstellen, während weniger erfolgreiche Unternehmen\ud Trends offenbar eher reaktiv abwarten. Relativierend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Megatrends immer wieder neu bewertet und kritisch hinterfragt werden sollten, um Fehleinschätzungen durch Trendabweichungen zu verhindern

Prognos (R) in the diagnosis of amalgam hypersensitivity - A diagnostic case-control study

Objective: We aimed to investigate whether the Prognos (R) device might be a useful tool in the diagnosis of disorders suspected to be due to dental amalgam fillings. Participants and Methods: A diagnostic case-control study was performed in 27 patients who complained about health problems attributed to amalgam ( cases), 27 healthy volunteers with amalgam fillings ( controls I), and 27 healthy amalgam-free volunteers ( controls II). All participants were tested before and after application of 300 mg DMPS (2.3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid) with Prognos, a diagnostic device for the energetic measurement of Traditional Chinese Medicine meridians. In addition, mercury was measured in blood, urine, and saliva, and a lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was performed. Results: Diagnoses derived from the first and second Prognos testing did not agree above chance (Cohen's Kappa = -0.11, 95% confidence interval -0.33 to 0.10; p = 0.30). Agreement for secondary outcome measures was poor, too. Prognos measurements did not differ between cases and controls. Correlations with measurements in urine, blood and saliva were low. Conclusion: In this study Prognos could not be shown to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of disorders suspected to be due to dental amalgam fillings